Rudyard Kipling"
“When you're left wounded on Afganistan's plains and
the women come out to cut up what remains, Just roll to your rifle
and blow out your brains,
And go to your God like a soldier”
General Douglas MacArthur"
“We are not retreating. We are advancing in another direction.”
“It is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it.” “Old soldiers never die; they just fade away.
“The soldier, above all other people, prays for peace, for he must suffer and be the deepest wounds and scars of war.”
“May God have mercy upon my enemies, because I won't .” “The object of war is not to die for your country but to make the other bastard die for his.
“Nobody ever defended, there is only attack and attack and attack some more.
“It is foolish and wrong to mourn the men who died. Rather we should thank God that such men lived.
The Soldier stood and faced God
Which must always come to pass
He hoped his shoes were shining
Just as bright as his brass
"Step forward you Soldier,
How shall I deal with you?
Have you always turned the other cheek?
To My Church have you been true?"
"No, Lord, I guess I ain't
Because those of us who carry guns
Can't always be a saint."
I've had to work on Sundays
And at times my talk was tough,
And sometimes I've been violent,
Because the world is awfully rough.
But, I never took a penny
That wasn't mine to keep.
Though I worked a lot of overtime
When the bills got just too steep,
The Soldier squared his shoulders and said
And I never passed a cry for help
Though at times I shook with fear,
And sometimes, God forgive me,
I've wept unmanly tears.
I know I don't deserve a place
Among the people here.
They never wanted me around
Except to calm their fears.
If you've a place for me here,
Lord, It needn't be so grand,
I never expected or had too much,
But if you don't, I'll understand."
There was silence all around the throne
Where the saints had often trod
As the Soldier waited quietly,
For the judgment of his God.
"Step forward now, you Soldier,
You've borne your burden well.
Walk peacefully on Heaven's streets,
You've done your time in Hell."
Malaysia: A secular, multi-ethnic nation By Ranjit Singh Malhi
Tuesday, August 01, 2023
Malaysiakini : Regarding Mahathir’s assertion on the “Malayness” of the Federal
Constitution, there is truth to it in the case of Peninsular Malaysia.
As
stated by the late Mohd Salleh Abbas (former Lord President of the
Federal Court), the Federal Constitution of Malaysia has numerous
traditional elements that define its “Malayness”: the sultanate or
rulership (Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the supreme head of the federation,
the Malay rulers as the heads of all the Malay states), Conference of
Rulers, the Islamic religion (Islam is the religion of the federation),
the Malay language (national language of the federation) and the Malay
privileges.
However, historically and based on my interpretation
of the Federal Constitution, I hold a completely different view
regarding Mahathir’s claims that Malaysia is a “Malay country”,
promoting a multi-ethnic Malaysia is unconstitutional, thereby implying
that Malaysia is not a secular state and that the Malays are the
original inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia.
A grain of truth
Let’s now deal with the question of whether Malaysia is a “Malay
country”. Before the spread of British influence, Malaya was arguably a
“Malay country”.
In 1835, the Malays constituted 85.9 percent of
the population. The Chinese, who were mainly traders, miners, and
agriculturists in Kelantan, Kuala Terengganu, Malacca, Johor, and
Pahang, formed only 7.7 percent of the population, and the Indians, who
were mainly shopkeepers and labourers in the sugar and coffee
plantations in Penang and Province Wellesley, formed less than one
percent.
It should be noted that the British colonial
administrators regarded the Malays as the indigenous people of
Peninsular Malaysia or “people of the land”, and signed treaties with
Malay sultans.
With the spread of British rule in Malaya beginning
in 1874, the Chinese and Indians started immigrating to Malaya in large
numbers.
In 1921, the Chinese formed 36 percent of the Malayan
population whilst the Indians formed 14 percent. Subsequently, in 1941,
Malaya had more Chinese (43 percent) than Malays (41 percent). In 1947,
63.5 percent of the Chinese and 51.6 percent of the Indians respectively
were locally born.
Today, our nation is comprised of citizens of
various ethnic groups. In Peninsular Malaysia, the Chinese and Indians,
whose forebears not only contributed significantly towards
nation-building but also sacrificed their lives so that others could
live in peace and liberty, form a significant minority.
In the
case of East Malaysia, the Kadazan-Dusun form the largest indigenous
community in Sabah whilst in Sarawak, the largest indigenous ethnic
group is the Iban. There are also numerous other smaller ethnic groups
in both states.
Together,
they all combine to form a proud nation of people from diverse
cultures, religions, and languages who call themselves Malaysians.
Thus, Mahathir’s assertion that Malaysia is a “Malay country” holds no water.
Multi-culturalism rooted in history
Next, let’s explore whether promoting Malaysia as a multi-ethnic nation is unconstitutional.
Make no mistake about it, Malaysia is truly a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, and multi-cultural nation for several reasons.
First, in the words of Tunku Abdul Rahman, our wise and far-sighted Bapa Kemerdekaan, the aspiration of our founding fathers was “to build a genuine multiracial and multireligious Malaysia”.
Second,
the 1957 Constitution was the result of bargaining and compromises in
the interest of national unity, particularly between the Alliance party
comprising Umno, MCA, and MIC representing the Malays, Chinese, and
Indians respectively.
Indeed, a government publication, ‘Towards
National Harmony’ (1971) states explicitly that our Federal Constitution
is “a binding agreement solemnly entered into by all races.”
Third,
the Federal Constitution reflects the makeup of our nation’s
multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. As aptly stated by Joseph M
Fernando in his book ‘The Making of the Malayan Constitution’ (2002),
the Alliance party’s joint memorandum “reflected a microcosm of the
conflicting interests inherent in Malaya’s plural society.”
The
Federal Constitution has integrated various communities through the
creation of a common nationality or citizenship. The Constitution
safeguards the rights of all citizens - regardless of their ethnic
background - to participate in the political processes, hold public
office, and enjoy fundamental freedoms such as being entitled to equal
protection of the law and freedom of religion.
Fourth,
Article 153, whilst providing special privileges to the Malays, the
Constitution also provides protection of the legitimate interests of
other communities.
Fifth and finally, Mahathir’s latest claim clearly contradicts his earlier position.
In
his message in conjunction with the Chinese New Year celebration in
2020, Mahathir declared that Malaysians had for decades accepted the
fact that Malaysia was a multi-racial country and that they needed to
tolerate each other to live in peace and harmony.
He added: “So, we must not let the country be destroyed by racial hatred.”
Furthermore,
one of the objectives of Vision 2020 which was formulated by Mahathir
during his first stint as prime minister (1981-2003) was to create a
united Malaysian nation made up of one Bangsa Malaysia.
M’sia meant to be secular
Meanwhile,
Mahathir’s accusation that the present administration is bent on
turning Malaysia into a secular state has no basis at all because our
nation was meant to be, and still is, a secular state.
Historically,
Malcolm MacDonald, the commissioner-general for Southeast Asia, stated
explicitly in a speech on April 27, 1948, that all the Malayan races
featured in plans for Malaya’s self-government.
Subsequently, the
Alliance Party in its 1956 memorandum to the Reid Commission, which was
entrusted with drafting the Constitution for the Federation of Malaya,
reiterated the fact that observance of Islam as the religion of the
State of Malaya “shall not imply that the state is not a secular state”.
This
position was made clearer by the Alliance leaders who gave assurances
to the Colonial Office during a London Conference in May 1957 that they
“had no intention of creating a Muslim theocracy and that Malaya would
be a secular state”.
The fact that our nation is a secular state
was also affirmed by the Supreme Court (now Federal Court) in “Che Omar
bin Che Soh v Public Prosecutor” in 1988.
It ruled that Article 3 did not make Malaysia an Islamic state but merely provided for a ritualistic and ceremonial role.
Moreover,
as reiterated by RH Hickling in his book ‘Essays in Malaysian Law’
(1991), “there are echoes” of secularism in the Federal Constitution.
For example, Article 11 states that every person has the right to
profess and practise his religion whilst Article 12 stipulates that
every religious group has the right to establish and maintain
institutions for the education of children in its own religion.
To
top it all, in the words of Ambiga Sreenevasan, a prominent Malaysian
lawyer and human rights advocate, “The Civil Courts set up under the
Constitution dispense secular justice on a daily basis to all the
citizens of this country. Secular law governs contracts, commerce,
international relations and trade, and every aspect of the lives of a
citizen. Islamic law governs specific matters set out in the Federal
Constitution in relation to persons professing Islam.”
Malays were immigrantstoo
Finally,
Mahathir needs to be reminded that the earliest or original people of
Peninsular Malaysia are the Orang Asli, more specifically the Negritos
who probably descended from the toolmakers of the Mesolithic cultural
period beginning about 10,000 years ago.
This fact was
acknowledged by Abdul Rahman, the then secretary to the Johor ruler
(Sultan Abu Bakar) as follows: “The aborigines were the possessors of
the soil before we [the Malays] came to the peninsula.”
The Malays
who arrived later supplanted the Orang Asli and kept to the river
valleys and coastal areas, while the Orang Asli, who feared being
captured as slaves, relocated to the hills and forests.
Interestingly,
the 1931 Census Report states that the “Malays are, in fact, merely
immigrants of generally longer standing than the other migrant races
represented in the peninsula ...”.
Furthermore, according to the
1947 Census Report, about 26 percent of the Malays in Peninsular
Malaysia were immigrants from Sumatra, Jawa, and other islands of what
is currently Indonesia.
Summing up, based upon the nation’s
historical evolution, the vision of its founding fathers, and the
Federal Constitution which defined how our nation should be governed
upon gaining its independence, Malaysia is a secular and multi-ethnic
nation, albeit with a distinctive Malay character.
Our political
leaders should rightfully work towards cementing our nation’s intricate
and diverse social fabric instead of tearing it apart by distorting
history, exploiting the politics of fear, and fanning racial sentiments.
In
this regard, I am reminded of Tunku Abdul Rahman’s caution pertaining
to efforts by certain quarters to transform Malaysia into an Islamic
state.
During a visit to the Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Tunku
Putra, Baling in October 1987, Tunku criticised some “younger”
Malaysians who know nothing about the nation’s past and were promoting
racial chauvinism.
He told reporters: “Some of them want an
Islamic state and want Islamic laws for all Malaysians. Things like
these will tear the people apart and aggravate racial polarisation.”
I
hope and pray that this article of mine is a timely reminder to all
politicians to act responsibly and promote national unity by honouring
the pledges made by the founding fathers of our nation who then
represented Peninsular Malaysia’s three largest ethnic groups.
I know the same - or even stronger - multi-ethnic spirit prevails among the political leaders in East Malaysia.
As
citizens, Malaysia belongs to both Malays and non-Malays alike. Let us
focus on building a democratic, inclusive, and secular nation with the
necessary affirmative action to uplift the socio-economic position of
the Malays and other indigenous groups, whilst safeguarding the
legitimate interests of every other ethnic group.